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Abstract Hemoproteins have recently emerged as promising biocatalysts for new-to-nature carbene transfer reactions. However, mechanistic understanding of the interplay between productive and unproductive pathways in these processes is limited. Using spectroscopic, structural, and computational methods, we investigate the mechanism of a myoglobin-catalyzed cyclopropanation reaction with diazoketones. These studies shed light on the nature and kinetics of key catalytic steps in this reaction, including the formation of an early heme-bound diazo complex intermediate, the rate-determining nature of carbene formation, and the cyclopropanation mechanism. Our analyses further reveal the existence of a complex mechanistic manifold for this reaction that includes a competing pathway resulting in the formation of an N-bound carbene adduct of the heme cofactor, which was isolated and characterized by X-ray crystallography, UV-Vis, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. This species can regenerate the active biocatalyst, constituting a non-productive, yet non-destructive detour from the main catalytic cycle. These findings offer a valuable framework for both mechanistic analysis and design of hemoprotein-catalyzed carbene transfer reactions. 

Transition metal–catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are some of the most widely used methods in chemical synthesis. However, despite notable advantages of iron (Fe) as a potentially cheaper, more abundant, and less toxic transition metal catalyst, its practical application in multicomponent cross-couplings remains largely unsuccessful. We demonstrate 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane Fe–catalyzed coupling of α-boryl radicals (generated from selective radical addition to vinyl boronates) with Grignard reagents. Then, we extended the scope of these radical cascades by developing a general and broadly applicable Fe-catalyzed multicomponent annulation–cross-coupling protocol that engages a wide range of π-systems and permits the practical synthesis of cyclic fluorous compounds. Mechanistic studies are consistent with a bisarylated Fe(II) species being responsible for alkyl radical generation to initiate catalysis, while carbon-carbon bond formation proceeds between a monoarylated Fe(II) center and a transient alkyl radical. 

Light-harvesting and intramolecular energy funneling are fundamental processes in natural photosynthesis. A comprehensive knowledge of the main structural, dynamic, and optical properties that regulate the efficiency of such processes can be deciphered through the study of artificial light-harvesting antennas, capable of mimicking natural systems. Dendrimers are some of the most explored artificial light-harvesting molecules. However, they have to be well-defined and highly branched conjugated structures, creating intramolecular energy gradients that guarantee efficient and unidirectional energy transfer. Herein, we explore the contributions of the different mechanisms responsible for the highly efficient energy funneling in a large, complex poly(phenylene–ethynylene) dendrimer, whose architecture was particularly designed to conduct the initially absorbed photons toward a spatially localized energy sink away from its surface, avoiding its quenching by the environment. For this purpose, the nonradiative photoinduced energy relaxation and redistribution are simulated by using nonadiabatic excited state molecular dynamics. In this way, the two possible direct and indirect pathways for exciton migrations, previously reported by time-resolved spectroscopy, are defined. Our results stimulate future developments of new synthetic dendrimers for applications in molecular-based photonic devices in which an enhancement in the photoemission efficiency can be predicted by changes in the detailed balance between the different intramolecular energy transfer pathways.